Quality of work life is a process of joint decision-making, collaborations and building mutual respect between management and employees.

Demotion is the assignment of an employee to a job of lower rank with lower pay. It is just the opposite of promotion and thus involves the downward career movement of the employee in the organisation hierarchy.

HRD climate is the perception of the employees about the prevailing HRD culture in the organisation which is mostly brought out through surveys, covering the entire or a sample of employees.

Human Resource Development (HRD) is a distinct area of HRM which encompasses a range of practices and processes to ensure that a firm’s human resources are equipped with the skills, behaviours, knowledge, competence, and attitudes required for effective performance both now and in the future.